FAQ Common Questions About South Africas Apartheid

During most of the 20th century, South Africa was ruled by a system called Apartheid, an Afrikaans word meaning apartness, which was based on a system of racial segregation.   When Did Apartheid Start? The term Apartheid was introduced during the 1948 election campaign by  DF Malans  Herenigde Nasionale Party  (HNP - Reunited National Party). But racial segregation had been in force for many decades in South Africa. In hindsight, there is something of an inevitability in the way the country developed its extreme policies. When the  Union of South Africa  was formed on May 31, 1910, Afrikaner Nationalists were given a relatively free hand to reorganize the countrys franchise according to existing standards of the now-incorporated Boer republics, the  Zuid Afrikaansche Repulick  (ZAR - South African Republic or Transvaal) and Orange Free State. Non-whites in the Cape Colony had some representation, but this would prove to be short-lived. Who Supported Apartheid? The Apartheid policy was supported by various Afrikaans newspapers and Afrikaner cultural movements such as the  Afrikaner Broederbond  and  Ossewabrandwag. How Did the Apartheid Government Come to Power? The United Party actually gained the majority of votes in the 1948 general election. But due to the manipulation of the geographical boundaries of the countrys constituencies before the election, the Herenigde Nasionale Party managed to win the majority of constituencies, thereby winning the election. In 1951, the HNP and Afrikaner Party officially merged to form the National Party, which became synonymous with Apartheid. What Were the Foundations of Apartheid? Over the decades, various forms of  legislation  were introduced which extended the existing segregation against Blacks to Coloureds and Indians. The most significant acts were the  Group Areas Act No 41 of 1950,  which led to over three million people being relocated through forced removals; the Suppression of Communism Act No 44 of 1950, which was so broadly worded that almost any dissident group could be  banned; the  Bantu Authorities Act No 68 of 1951, which led to the creation of  Bantustans  (and ultimately independent homelands); and the  Natives (Abolition of Passes and Co-ordination of Documents) Act No 67 of 1952,  which, despite its title, led to the rigid application of Pass Laws. What Was Grand Apartheid? During the 1960s, racial discrimination applied to most aspects of life in South Africa and  Bantustans  were created for Blacks. The system had evolved into Grand Apartheid. The country was rocked by the  Sharpeville Massacre, the African National Congress (ANC) and Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) were banned, and the country withdrew from the British Commonwealth and declared a Republic. What Happened in the 1970s and 1980s? During the 1970s and 80s, Apartheid was reinvented—a result of increasing internal and international pressures and worsening economic difficulties. Black youth was exposed to increasing politicization and found expression against Bantu education through the  1976 Soweto Uprising. Despite the creation of a tricameral parliament in 1983 and the abolition of the Pass Laws in 1986, the 1980s saw the worst political violence by both sides. When Did Apartheid End? In February 1990, President FW de Klerk announced Nelson Mandelas release and began the slow dismantling of the Apartheid system. In 1992, a whites-only referendum approved the reform process. In 1994, the first democratic elections were held in South Africa, with people of all races being able to vote. A Government of National Unity was formed, with Nelson Mandela as president and FW de Klerk and Thabo Mbeki as deputy presidents.

The Works That Have Impacted The Art World And Have Made...

Research Paper Throughout time there has been of course many influences that have impacted the art world and have made it what it is today. However, there are some artistic movements that have had a greater impact and stand out over others. The movement that has always personally stood out to me was Ancient Egyptian art. The works that were produced for time period are interesting in terms of the lack of tools and the innovation to make these paintings, sculptures, and architecture that almost seem impossible to have been constructed. In my opinion the arts produced during the Early Dynastic through the New Kingdom of Ancient Egypt are some of the most technologically advance forms that stand out over all other art forms for the time†¦show more content†¦Instead we must develop a psychical distance or detachment from ancient Egyptian art in order to view it in its purest aesthetic form. Once we have achieved this then we can move on to the first of the two methods, formalism . With this method of formalism we compare form and style, analyzing only the purely visual aspects such as color, line, shape and texture of an object or artwork. Two formalist individuals worth mentioning are Immanuel Kant and Clive Bell. Kant who teaches us the importance of the disinterested viewer, and Bell who also explains this. Bell states in his article The Aesthetic Hypothesis that Our practical interests, with their correlative pleasures and pains, are blended, become confused now and then, and disquiet our aesthetic interest, but never become united with it†. So even though ancient Egyptian art has always stood out to me personally, we cannot let our personal interests or emotions effect the way we analyze the works produced from ancient Egypt. The second of the two methods needed to view and analyze the works from ancient Egypt is iconography. This method studies the content of images and symbols depicted within a certain work of art or interpretation of these. One art historian whose works of iconography are still relevant today was Erwin Panofsky. Iconography is split into three levels of learning

History of American Art Education Essay - 1572 Words

Western culture had many important effects on the United States as a developing nation, and art education was no exception to this. In order to come to terms with the impact of Western culture on American art education, it is important to chronicle the progression of art education throughout Europe. Spanning centuries, the political, social, and economic development of European nations, each played an important role the philosophies of art education, which in the long run, affected American ideas concerning the subject. Thoughts about art changed and evolved in many ways over time. Efland’s The History of Art Education: Intellectual and Social Currents in Teaching the Visual Arts offers a concise history of art education,†¦show more content†¦The role that art did play involved one that catered towards the state. Art was used as political propaganda in that it was thought that art should serve the state, and emphasize the power of the state. These events indire ctly shaped beliefs about art in the United States, as it was a new nation that was raised on strong European influences. Throughout the history of art education, there is a common thread of political relation. The attitudes concerning art related directly to the political and economic happenings at the time. This remained a constant with early American settlers as well. For example, Puritans’ lives revolved around faith and farming, therefore visual art played a role that was not necessary integral. The arts involved a broad term that included crafts that were taught at home. The main goal of education was to teach students to read so that they could read scriptures. Art education today has veered quite a bit from this mentality. Art is still considered a specialized area, but even more so than in times prior to the Industrial Revolution. 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Literature Review Strategic Information System

Question: Discuss about the Literature Reviewfor Strategic Information System. Answer: Literature Review: The notable entities which have been illustrated in this report include the evaluation of an organizational structure and the related operational disadvantages. Description of the method for system acquisition for the organization could be noted as a prominent highlight of the report. The assignment also reflects on the process of developing and adoption of packages of accounting software (Ali Haslinda, 2014). Specific discussion on the market for Tricor Australia that has been selected for the report by referring to its capabilities as a known accounting enterprise in Australia reflects on the implications for market adaptability by implementing information systems (Boonstra, 2013). The experience of Tricor has enabled it to acquire progressive growth in a minimal span of time thereby implying plausible inferences towards its capability to address a diverse assortment of business requirements placed by clients. The emphasis of the organization on addressing innovative as well as entrepreneurial business needs has also been noticed as promising indicator of the organizations drive and passion for accomplishing competitive advantage. Tricor Australia has depicted cognizable improvement in the market of technical and commercial accounting services and has acquired the reputation of a potential player in the industry. Requirement of financial consultancy services by CFOs of prominent organizations as well as SMEs is also identified as a rationale for the companys consistent development. The capabilities of Tricor in provision of professional accounting services has led to the formation of a reliable network of professionals in the domain of finance throughout Australia as well as other prominent locations around the world such as Malaysia, Indonesia, United Kingdom and Japan (Dance, 2016). The cross border operations of the organization are not limited to these countries alone and the strategic expansion initiatives have led to promising fulfilment of organizational needs as well as client requirement in every area served by Tricor Australia. The innovative measures of the organization have successfully induced favourable outcomes such as improvement of net worth of the company alongside improving the returns for clients of the organization (Dance, 2016). Flat organizational structure can be assumed as the organization structure that can be observed in case of Tricor Australia. The organizational structure is characterized by the elimination of majority of roles and responsibilities of the middle management thereby leading to exclusion of a large share of functions of middle management. The elimination of notable functions of the middle management reflect on the reduction of gap between the top management and the ground level staff such as employees in the sales department, customers and staff working on the frontline (Farantos Koutsoukis, 2016). One of the profound advantages that can be obtained from the flat organizational structure refers to the breadth of the structure that facilitates noticeable reduction in response time of the organization. Response time could be defined from the perspective of variable customer preferences and conditions in the external environment (Haron, Sabri Zolkarnain, 2013, November). The distinct domains of the accounting software package for Tricor Australia could therefore be associated with the single flat organizational structure with negligible indications of support for a hierarchical organizational structure. The foremost entity supported by the domains of accounting software package of Tricor is the promotion of Group Policy development through integration of GPO in the computer units and users in context of the company (Hoque, Hossin Khan, 2016). The implications of Group Policy suggest that it is invulnerable to the organizational structure alongside indicating that users could not perform activities such as WMI filtering and creation of custom GPOs. The organizational structure of Tricor can be utilized for assignment of policies within the group and ensure feasible resource management owing to the observation of a logical nature. The observed flat organizational structure in case of Tricor Australia is capable of facilitating plausible advantages albeit with the concerns for specific issues and setbacks that can be observed in the operational aspects of the organization (Hovelja Vasilecas, 2013). The management is always at the risk of losing control over operations in a flat organizational structure and in case of Tricor Australia, the massive scale of the flat organizational structure could be reflective of concerns for threat to the operational systems due to disparities in distribution of managers and employees (Josiah, 2013). The management of the organization has to face considerable difficulties in terms of control due to lack of human capital for checking unrequited behaviour as well as support staff for following up on the decisions implemented by the senior management of Tricor. These implications could lead to formidable setbacks for the working relationships among individuals in a group leading to setbacks for management of human resources (Josiah, 2013). The management can face consider notable setbacks in context of personal interactions with employees. The implications of the development of personal interactions of the management with employees can be observed in the maintenance of trust alongside ensuring accountability and responsibility among employees for their work as well as for maintaining their professional commitments to the organization (Kummer Schmiedel, 2016). The management also faces noticeable limitations in the form of reduction in employee morale, authority issues, power struggles and ambiguities among employees pertaining to organization management. Employee retention can be a profound issue that can be observed in case of the flat organizational structure noticed in Tricor Australia. The performance of employees in the organization has to be dependent on the precedents of searching consistently for cognizable improvements in the company profile apart from the improvement in their salaries are reflective of profound concerns for realizing job satisfaction (Lee, et al., 2015). Employees could face considerable inclinations towards acquiring job positions in other companies where they perceive higher recognition of their personal efforts and contributions to development of the organizational profile with the references to increment in pay raise as well as promotions assigned to them. Flat organizational structure is accountable for potential setbacks for organizational growth and the crucial nature of change alongside the associated apprehensions can be major pitfalls for the company. The management of Tricor Australia can consider refraining from creative opportunities by inducing efforts for maintenance of organizational structure leading to reduction of prospects for the long term growth of the organization (Luse, et al., 2013). The flat organizational structure is also accountable for proliferation of unhealthy competition among employees thereby causing reduction in motivation of employees and increasing the confusion among employees. The reasonable system acquisition method for Tricor Australia would be a custom developed software since the processing requirements in the organization are specific for the organization thereby requiring own application software. The custom development of the application software can be ensured through the programmers available with the company who can coordinate with the analysts in order to establish internal information technology framework that can support the development of software on custom basis (Rajendran, 2015). The organization could implement the services of a computer agency or software development organization for accomplishing this objective which seems irrational owing to the large magnitude of the organization and the availability of a full-time development team. The final outcome of the development process is custom developed software that addresses the variable processing requirements of company and therefore suits the specific requirements of Tricor. The notable benefits that can be obtained from the custom developed software system acquisition method refer to fulfilment of the organizational requirements precisely and since costs of the system acquisition method would not bother Tricor due to global scale of operations, the system acquisition method provides viable implications towards cost effective solution for accounting information management. The flowchart for an organizations sales procedure (as shown in Appendix I) can be considered as a major requirement for the selling of products of Tricor Australia. Sale can be defined as the institution of a relationship between customer and vendor alongside promoting the completion of the prospective stage (Rasiah, 2014). The providers of services and goods by utilizing the channel of salespersons the objective is accomplished by the completion of sales as a response to request, appropriation and acquisition initiatives for the organization (Ren, et al., 2015). The communication of product title and the relevance of the product price with the application features and the obligations that can be derived on behalf of seller for passing ownership. The threats or setbacks that have been recognized in the organizations systems are profoundly reflective of the threats to the data security of Tricor Australia. The threats posed by hacking and the varying insufficiencies in the hardware and information systems framework could lead to detrimental consequences such as theft of confidential data related to the organization and the information pertaining to employees. These implications could account for cognizable setbacks in the custom developed software system implemented by the organization. The development of accounting system package and integrating them in the organizational framework are considered as imperative requirements for leveraging the advantages of accounting information systems for Tricor Australia. The necessity of technical support is crucial for the organization to capitalize on the prominent advantages of the accounting information systems which can be observed in the support facilitated by the Internet across varying telecom installations. The internet has become a common substrate for varying information networks and hence it indicates profound requirement for adoption in context of implementation of accounting software packages (Wali, Sadq Rasheed, 2016). Human resource management functions also require promising developments in the diverse sectors of training, computer centres, technical skills and accounting and should be facilitated to the staff at all times (Rajendran, 2015). The prominent insufficiencies in the domain of design, utilization and development of IT and accounting information systems could be derived from the lack of a functional accounting software package. Human resource can be considered as the primary entity which could dictate the operational efficiency of the computerized custom accounting software package. Therefore the software package presents promising implications towards the requirement of workforce involvement in the management of the software. Tricor Australia has noticeable competences in terms of technology based innovation that leads to adoption of computerized accounting system. The adoption of computerized accounting software reflects on the increment in organizational efficiency through reduction in delivery time and pricing for products and services alongside inducing operational development initiatives. The distribution of accounting software packages in diverse markets has depicted considerable change over the period of last 10 years indicating drastic modifications from country to country (Kummer Schmiedel, 2016). Existing market size for the accounting software packages reserves approximately 65% of total market share. However, the significance of market share in determining efficiency of accounting software packages can be undermined on the grounds of subjective nature of market share. The tax and audit services provided by the accounting software package can be considered as credible source of revenue owing to the independence of their demand from economic conditions. Accounting software packages are noticed for providing advisory services through incorporation of innovative technology such as data analytics and cloud computing services. Presently the Australian accounting software industry is dominated by names such as Xero, Intuit and MyOB leading to prominent levels of competition. The requirements for monitoring accounts and maintaining them flexibly could be imperatively observed in the case of every organization and hence the need for clipping off the conventional accounting frameworks and physical maintenance of accounting records became prominent. Therefore accounting software packages became highly popular in the Australian market in order to fulfil the above mentioned requirements. Adoption of accounting software packages is largely associated with the objectives for reducing tiresome paperwork that can lead to concerns for omission and commission as well as intensive use of time and financial resources. One of the profound challenges faced by companies in case of adoption refers to the lack of autonomy among various business units which leads to pressure on the accounting department for reviewing the accounting reports of other departments alongside removing any superfluous additions, inappropriate formats and duplication . The control of data security could be facilitated by the approach for information centric security alongside protection of cloud data leading to acquisition of competitive advantage for Tricor (Farantos Koutsoukis, 2016). Presently, customers of accounting software packages depict profound gaps and challenges such as weak reporting framework, outdated modules, and security threats, lack of features and accuracy, higher costs, lack of efficiency, access of foreign parties to the software. The accessibility of data is also a profound concern of system users since input of data is easily possible whereas extracting data could not be as flexible which invites concerns from application developers to make the software accessible and friendly for end users of the software (Kummer Schmiedel, 2016). Conclusion: The report presented a comprehensive literature review pertaining to the application of accounting software packages in context of a selected company, Tricor Australia. The report emphasized on limitations placed by organizational structure and the concerns of varying scales of operations of companies. Other noticeable highlights of the review are directed towards the concerns for data security in the information systems alongside accessibility of data for end users. References Ali, R. M., Haslinda, R. (2014).The impact of culture on strategic information systems planning: a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Business Information Systems at Massey University, Manawatu, New Zealand(Doctoral dissertation, Massey University). Boonstra, A. (2013). How do top managers support strategic information system projects and why do they sometimes withhold this support?.International Journal of Project Management,31(4), 498-512. Dance, S. G. (2016).InfoPreneurs: the hidden people who drive strategic information systems. Springer. Farantos, G. I., Koutsoukis, N. S. (2016). Strategic Information Systems Planning Of Public Sector In Economic Crisis: An Integrated Framework.European Scientific Journal, ESJ,12(19). Haron, H., Sabri, S. M., Zolkarnain, Z. N. (2013, November). A situational analysis of Strategic Information System Planning in the context of a Malaysian SME. InResearch and Innovation in Information Systems (ICRIIS), 2013 International Conference on(pp. 539-543). IEEE. Hoque, M. R., Hossin, M. E., Khan, W. (2016). Strategic Information Systems Planning (SISP) Practices In Health Care Sectors Of Bangladesh.European Scientific Journal,12(6). Hovelja, T., Vasilecas, O. (2013). A model of influences of environmental stakeholders on strategic information systems planning success in an enterprise.Technological and Economic Development of Economy,19(3), 465-488. Josiah, A. (2013). Business leverages on strategic information systems in Nigeria.International Journal of Learning and Development,3(1), 212-220. Kandjani, H., Mohtarami, A., Taghva, M. R., Andargoli, A. E. (2014). Classification and comparison of strategic information systems planning methodologies: a conceptual framework.International Journal of Enterprise Information Systems (IJEIS),10(1), 1-10. Kummer, T. F., Schmiedel, T. (2016). Reviewing the role of culture in strategic information systems research: a call for prescriptive theorizing on culture management.Communications of the Association for Information Systems,38(1), 5. Lee, T., Ghapanchi, A. H., Talaei-Khoei, A., Ray, P. (2015). Strategic Information System Planning in Healthcare Organizations.Journal of Organizational and End User Computing (JOEUC),27(2), 1-31. Luse, A., Mennecke, B., Townsend, A., Demarie, S. (2013). Strategic information systems security: definition and theoretical model. Rajendran, R. (2015). Influence of Information Systems Strategic Orientation on SMEs' Perception of Export Barriers [dagger].South Asian Journal of Management,22(2), 119. Rasiah, R. (2014). Book Review: Social Sciences and Knowledge in a Globalising World, edited by Zawawi Ibrahim, Petaling Jaya: Malaysian Social Science Association and Strategic Information and Research Centre, 2012, 499 pp.Institutions and Economies (formerly known as International Journal of Institutions and Economies),6(2), 137-140. Ren, G., Huang, Z., Lu, L., Hua, J., Wang, J. (2015). Method of generating strategic guidance information for driving evacuation flows to approach safety-based system optimal dynamic flows: Case study of a large stadium.Journal of Systems Science and Complexity,28(3), 606-622. Wali, A. I., Sadq, Z. M., Rasheed, J. S. (2016). The Role of Strategic Information System Characteristics on Customer Service Quality (An Empirical Study at Soran and Sardam Private Hospitals in Iraqi Kurdistan Region Erbil City).International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies (IJHCS)? ISSN 2356-5926,3(2), 1778-1790.